Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Assignment - Essay Example Still, the Police may be able to pin both of the individuals for drug trafficking and possession if they have seen marijuana in plain sight and if it is not the case then, the seizure and search took place in the given scenario is not admissible to the court of law. The couple can only be prosecuted for violating customs check. Q.2 The need to practice due diligence is applicable in this case because Tangelo was well aware of the dangers that were associated with watching a baseball game (Jennings pp.300). Additionally, she had read the statement behind the tickets which relieved the organization from any kind of liability for an incident that may take place during the games and that formed a tort. Furthermore, the featured organization had taken preventive measure in order to contain the ball and the punching of a hole in the net can be identified as a mere coincident. The whole incident can be presented as a consequence of a decision to go and watch a game while; the injured party was having knowledge of the risks and therefore, cannot claim successfully for damages in the court of law. The court might decide to apply ordinary damages in this regard. Q.3 The purchaser has already conditionalized its performance with a favorable outcome of an event and therefore, the condition of obtaining a loan from the bank was a valid part of the contract that was signed by both parties (Jennings pp.35). The claim of specific performance is invalid because the purchasing party stated a condition that has to be fulfilled before a contract can be practiced. The seller however, can claim damages and specific performance against the involved bank whose manager did not supply the seller with a loan on a personal conflict. If the bank’s incapacity to loan the seller is legally justified then the charges will be dropped. Q.4 The environmental laws are growingly applied in order to preserve natural habitat of earth and therefore, the companies are strongly being recommended to take stronger measures towards returning to the environment what they have taken from it previously. Additionally, the companies that have become sensitive in the direction of preserving natural environment over the past few years are now adding environmental costs while, performing strategic decision making (Esty pp. 25). The governments on the hand are applying environmental taxation on firms that are known to pollute the environment in abundance. Finally, the companies like Herman Miller, FedEx and McDonalds have been cited in the book with the title of â€Å"Green to Gold† for their exceptional level of strategic dedication for environmental safety. Q.5 The companies are liable for the safety of their employees under the US labor law. The excuse that Nick was operating the crane in an inappropriate way means that he is either incapable or poorly trained. In both of the cases organization is at fault because either they are making an untrained or poorly trained person to run the crane. The company should have known about Nick’s poor ability to manage crane. Based on the above argument, Nick is fully capable and eligible to receive damages and treatment expenses from his employer. Q.6 The pay structure is determined on the basis of one’

My Hardest Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Hardest Choice - Essay Example The two options had both merits and demerits that I had to consider before settling on one choice. The scholarship presented me with the offer of having good education and an American graduate certificate that could qualify me for a good employment and a nice life. American life could make me a dependent and mature person. This would make me a responsible person and help me stop depending on my mother for everything. Moreover, the open-mindedness of American people enabled me cope up with life in America easily. The people are not hostile and this helped me fit in with the new environment. However, I had to also consider the demerits of taking the scholarship. This included staying away from my beloved family members and friends that I had been used to being close to them. Moreover, adapting to the new culture, strange food and unfamiliar language in the new country would be such a hard task for me. Adult people have to take painful decisions in order to succeed in life. Success in life calls for one to make costly sacrifices with an aim of getting the fruits of this sacrifice later. I came to realize that taking the scholarship was the right choice I had

Denver International Airport Baggage-Handling System Essay Example for Free

Denver International Airport Baggage-Handling System Essay Critical Factors *A change in the project specifications after the freeze date was agreed up on in the contract. These changes created a domino effect of problems. This was in violation of the contract with BAE which stated there would be a number of freeze dates for mechanical design, software design, and permanent power. *A lack of efficient and effective communication between the city, project management team, and consultants. This manifests itself in basic issues like vendors blocking roadways for other vendors, the city canceling orders for electrical filtering components that were critical path, and too many unilateral decision made because no one was in charge. *A late start with respect to deciding the type of technology to be used for the baggage handling system. BAE didnt even bid on the project because the scope and the timeline were not feasible. The city, under the guidance of Chief Airport Engineer Slinger arranged the deal that included penalty and time clauses for both the city and the vendor. *The City of Denver did not listen to the requested and needed amount of time to actually construct the baggage handling system. The City had a deadline to meet and did not want to hear about any more delays. In spite of this, the vendors wrote contracts that attempted to cover their bases to ensure these deadlines would be met. In the end, extenuating circumstances conspired to prevent these dates from being met. *BAE lost control of their project to the PMT that had no experience in airport construction, baggage handling system technologies, and the introduction of the new technologies. PMT forced BAE to modify their management structure and project approach to fit the PMT needs. BAE had a track record of success using their own management structures. This modification created confusion, inefficiency, and ultimately failure. *2 major changes in personnel. The resignation of the head of the DIA project  in May 1992 and the death of Chief Airport Engineer Slinger in October 1992. Slingers replacement was not able to make decisions without going thru a lengthy process for approval. Slinger managed through the force of his charisma and willingness to take risks and make decisions. His replacement understood the principals but didnt have the bulldozer personality that was necessary for the heroics to get the project completed. Her superiors knew this and retraced the autonomy that was prevalent with Slinger. Without this autonomy and personality, missing deadlines was rampant. *The Citys lack of help for BAE to continue to have their unrestricted access and were unable to makeup from the delays. The City just did not give BAE what they were told they would have in general. The city was in violation of their agreements. *Poor relationship with management. This was evident throughout the project. The initiative started as a political position, gained momentum, and ended in another political dilemma. At the time of this case study, relations between the city, the vendor, and the federal government were rapidly moving towards litigation. There are few instances of attorneys successfully delivering on complex engineering-oriented projects. *Human Capital Restrictions The project needs the best experts to get this thing completed. The restriction of using Denver based contractors in situations should be eliminated. *Finance These guys expected to being servicing the bond debt based on a specific timeline. Since the airport is not open, there is not a revenue stream to support the payment requirements. Re-financing might help take some of the pressure away. *The lackluster economy of the late 80s, the gulf war impact on the airlines, and Continentals chapter 11 collaborated to create additional concerns for the city that distracted them from their mission to manage and deliver the airport. *They city decided long after construction began to implement an airport-wide baggage handling system. Their only smart decision was to contract with BAE to revise the scale of the project they already started with United. Their major mistakes were waiting too long to reach this decision, then tying the hands of BAE once they agreed. The types of technology required for a system this large should have been made much earlier in the facility design process. Delaying this decision resulted in several instances of rebuilding facilities to support more weight, provide more ventilation, and larger payload handling. *This was a build/design project. The idea of making design decisions after construction was underway is an recipe for catastrophe in a project of this magnitude. The citys insistence that this be held to a tight schedule yet allowing multiple design changes was unfortunate. There were too many players, lots of pressure, and the whole project was run by committee with differing agendas. The project administrators had to balance administrative, political, and social imperatives. *the Citys requirements that a percentage of the project be done by local and minority talent hamstrung BAE to deliver. They were forced to hire subcontractors resulting in longer times and higher costs. *The change tracking system took over three years to implement due to the need to make differing technologies play well together and the low priority placed on this by the vendors. *The city invited reporters to preview the first test of the baggage handling system without notifying the vendor. This became a public relations nightmare and added public resentment to the list of problems facing the delivery team. Alternative Solutions Human Resources Because the project has reached a critical state, the project team must recognize the need to bring in the best human capital to be able to complete the project. Thus, it is crucial that the associate director, program manager, city leaders, contract compliance personnel, and DIA coordinator review the current mandate of using local providers. At this point, it would appear that successful completion of the baggage handling system is not only reliant on the specific component itself but several other DIA projects and disciplines such as electrical service. The director and program manager must consider using the necessary experts regardless of the base of origin. Ultimately, the lead decision makers must recognize that completing this project will require the best talent available and eliminate any restrictions on using such resources. Communication and Operational Process The overall communication and operational process requires an improved set of rules by which each party will operate. Each discipline is apparently working within a vacuum environment and do not value the project as a whole. The project leaders must establish an operational charter dictating the rules and enforce such. It appears that the management of the project has occurred from the aspect of individual contractors. Communicating the status of each aspect of this project to a central coordinating team would allow the organization to manage resources from an enterprise project level rather than looking at each contractor as an individual project. City council also needs to let the PMs do their jobs. They need to have the same confidence in Gail Edmond as they did in Slinger before he passed away. Their lack of confidence in Gail Edmond is evident and needs to be resolved in one of two ways. The first is that they give Gail Edmond the same respect as they did for Slinger. City council will not hold extra meetings to give Gail Edmond approval for every decision she makes. The second resolution is that a new PM is brought is that city council has confidence in. This  resolution can put the project way behind schedule. Organization Structure Any shared leadership must be eliminated immediately and the direction of the project must be provided by a specific leader. Furthermore, as part of a communication and operational change, the organization hierarchy should be reviewed. This may involve the creation of a new position such as a relationship coordinator. This individual would be charged with resolving disputes between resources involved in various aspects of the overall project with the specific mission on insuring that resources and disciplines do not compromise the timeline of peer activities within the project. The baggage system team must have complete access to complete their job. Thus, any interruption caused by another discipline should be reported and immediately resolved by the relationship coordinator. In addition to implementing a relationship coordinator, a task force charged with facilitating the successful completion of the project may create some synergies throughout the project as a whole. It is unclear as to whether or not each discipline is aware of the complete picture. A task force could provide a mechanism for eliminating redundant activity, scheduling conflicts, and resolve certain deficiencies that are present and delaying advancement and smooth progression. Finally, at this stage, the project cannot absorb further setbacks as a result of organizational structure or leadership. Thus, implementing personnel redundancies could prove to be a prudent consideration. Key personnel should have a redundant mechanism in place to support any further turnover prior to the completion of the project. Project Specifications It is reasonable to assume that all of the specifications for this project should be frozen. However, it appears that certain parties may not be completely aware of these specifications leading to change requests as  issues are realized. These project specifications must be immediately reviewed. If further changes are going to be requested, these requests must be received immediately. By scheduling a specification meeting, which will likely last for several consecutive days, the director and program manager will be able to confidently freeze the specifications. Finance Situation On a parallel, but separate path, the director and city officials may need to consider re-financing the bond package. The current financing package was established based on a specific timeline. The fact that there is a lack of anticipated cash flow may be causing certain decision makers to engage in activities to get things done quickly rather than done right. Essentially, it appears that moving forward with the right plan will actually lead to completion quicker than moving forward with a fast plan. If indeed decisions are made because of pressure to get things operational therefore leading to a revenue stream to support the debt service, refinancing could relieve this pressure. Relationships All parties must meet immediately. Because the vendor and city are not talking, involving an impartial party to facilitate this meeting would be beneficial. In general, it is crucial for everyone involved to recognize that this situation did not develop overnight, but rather, numerous problems and process issues have lead to the current status. The mission to complete this project and open the airport remains. Thus, the parties must recognize that there are options to moving forward toward completion, address differences, implement process changes, and move forward. Alternative Baggage Handling System The state of the art baggage handling system created by BAE has many issues that need to be worked out. Building the backup baggage handling system and using it while the issues are being worked out from the state of the art  baggage handling system can allow the airport to open sooner and allow the necessary revenues to begin to pay back the bonds. This alternative will allow BAE to properly diagnose and fix all of the issues that the system is currently experiencing. BAE originally told the City of Denver that a project this size should be completed in about 2.5 years.

Business Plan For Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop Marketing Essay Hakuna Matata coffee shop is managed by a team of three individuals. It is a joint of each persons contribution and different ideas and skills which we have expressed our best opinions and interest to achieve the roles of Hakuna Matata. This is a business pursued by three individuals executing the opportunity of opening a coffee shop right in the city centre and to best coffee sellers in the city, we have got the opportunity to be not only the best coffee sellers but also to gain a market share and create market segment and most of all to build a customer relation, the customer could either be a walk in customer or a corporate customer. The major roles of Hakuna Matata are to become the best and most popular coffee shop in the area serving at least five hundred customers daily. The companys objective is to turn profits for every month of operations and maintain a gross profit margin of 60%. Hakuna Matata is specialized in coffee and other value added service is that it provides other beverages like various types of juices and sodas, milk, tea and distilled water bottles and snacks, as coffee would certainly be more attractive with chocolate cookies and some crackers to enjoy the coffee. Each member of the team contributed evenly towards the completion of the business plan. Grace Busara researched on the management, Halimafilsan researched on the financial plan while I researched more on the marketing plan for the business plan. There are a lot of different things that could help the coffee shop be more successful that is by efficient team work within the 3 of us, including our hired staff, these are the waiters and the security guard, which all play their roles, and are part of the coffee shop. Where the team runs smoothly, we make sure that that every process is been taken charge to work efficiently, that is by assigning the tasks equally, so that there is all equal inputting to the coffee shop. It is efficient to do work as a team than as an individual as team work comes up with different ideas and views; we get to know each other more, which could lead us to the success of our coffee shop. By team work the tasks are accomplished efficiently. PROCESS OF IDEA INITIATION Through our research we discovered that there are very few coffee shops in the market, most of which subscribe to the low cost leadership strategy, therefore, Hakuna Matata as an opportunity in the market and by using differentiation strategy it could gain a market share and create its market segment and build a strong customer base. There are tremendous interest in entrepreneurship in Tanzania, inspire of the country being a third world country; we managed to compile the resources needed for an entrepreneurship. We came up with three ideas of small scale business enterprise which would be booming in Tanzania for at least the next five years. The idea of coming up with a business of coffee shop was accepted by very all three members of the team, that is by considering all the positive factors of opening a coffee shop in the city which includes the opportunity which from our research we discovered that there are very less coffee shops in Dar es salaam city and in the market which subscribes to the low cost leadership strategy , where Hakuna Matata can get a chance to use the differentiation strategy whereby we can have an opportunity to gain a market share and also create market segment and build a strong customer base. The idea of a coffee shop business plan came up after a long thinking and analyzing the ideas and views of other proposed business plans which was contributed by the team members. The structure of the business is quickly evolved, like the experiences in the commercial market, that knows how many coffee shops exist in the city and the coffee shops surrounded near by our coffee shop location. It takes much more to operate a coffee shop as such a product, the idea of selling coffee as a beverage, we have to be able to continuously offer what customers are looking for, and therefore we should consider that there is no shortage of consumers for the coffee beverage, as there less coffee shops surrounded within the area. After a lot of brainstorming and doing research of opening a venture in a country like Tanzania, we had come up with several ideas in which we had three best choices, these are the coffee shop, garbage collection and event management planning, all these three ventures seemed interesting to us, but we found that the coffee shop would me more attractive the market. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITIVE The position of Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop fills in the market place, which will be on reason for its success; the coffee shops aim is to accomplish its target by being the best coffee sellers in the city, and to attract every customer by our coffee by providing the best coffee and providing good customer services. The position of Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop will carve out for itself in the market, as it will be opened the whole day till evening, our target customers will be all the surroundings offices, these are The Bank Of Tanzania, National Bank Of Commerce, Azania Bank Limited, FBME Bank Limited, CRDB Bank limited and many other banks surrounding our coffee shop, including also the walking customers and other offices surrounding the location of the coffee shop. Looking at the grid, Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop is the only concept which feels good about its role pf selling and preparing the best coffee in the city, which captures the families and children and all types of genders and ages. It also captures the advantage of relatively short preparation time, and coffee is served. Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop is well positioned to take advantage of the significant opportunities by expanding the industry of providing coffee beverages. The coffee consumption on the rise is dependent on the agricultural sector, whereby there are a lot of coffee farmers but a few coffee beverage sellers in the market, thus Hakuna Matatas bargaining power is high and thus it can acquire large volumes at a low price and the culture of drinking coffee has always been there in the market for example the local vendors who walk around with coffee in a kettle. Hakuna Matatas market is within the metropolitan area whereby the number of consumers is substantially high. Since Tanzania is a tropical area and the need for cols drinks is necessary, thus Hakuna Matata will make its beverages both cold and hot as Dar es salaam city is has a moderate temperature above 28 degrees centigrade, therefore various types of other beverages will be offered, such as soda, tea, distilled bottle water, tea, milk and different flavors of juices. In this same segment the customers are further divided into female consumer who prefer milk tea and coffee which is not strong while the male clients prefer black coffee or coffee that is very strong. Hakuna Matata is targeting two main customers, one is the fixed customers which consists of the office workers, shop keepers, college and university students, whereby this group is the most liquid and consume large amounts of coffee per day, since our fixed consumers have limited time, Hakuna Matata will have store the coffee in the privately owned utensils which can will make it easier to the customers to leave with them as take away. The second target groups are the mobile consumers, these are the daily and new consumers, this group consists of individual who do not have a fixed location such as shoppers, pedestrians, walk in customers and many more. Our competitors are classified into two categories, that is the first priority competitors and second priority competitors, the first priority competitors are the ones which we have used the differentiation strategy, this includes serving coffee at the best quality level. The second priority customers are using the low cost and no frill strategy to gain a market share; this includes the local coffee makers and the street vendors in the city. Currently the completion for coffee as a beverage amongst coffee sellers is not fierce, whereby the seller can enter and leave the market rapidly. Coffee beverage selling is a relatively new industry in Tanzania, as it is not in the culture of Tanzania compared to tea, therefore the industry is in the state of flux, with less market leaders and nationally known providers or widely recognized brands as the other coffee sellers provide coffee which does not meet the taster and the requirements of the consumers. PRESENTATION EXPERIENCEANALYSIS Presetting a business plan helps us and the user to identify the objective of the business and analyze it in a critical manner; it helps us to focus in the feasibility of the business and to identify the chances of growth and success. It also enables to manage the business too accordingly and with a positive attitude. The presentation of the business plan is a way of communicating with your business which defines the purpose and the competition of the business and the management; it identifies the intention of creating a business into reality. it is important to present a business plans as it is useful if we are applying for a bank loan to fund our coffee shop, or trying to get an investor who can come and invest in our coffee shop, this could either be our friends and relatives or the government. The business plan presentation is useful if we are fund raising in general. No one will give us money nor fund as we have not planned your business plan positively as the business plan consists of how much money we need and for what purposes of the business, the marketing plan, the sales strategies, the profit projection. A business plan guides us on how we can raise capital and gives us a road map so we should know where the business is building up and growing. By presenting the business plan it is easy to identify the strength of the coffee shop business, as the demand for coffee increases daily due to our location which is in the city centre, this will also enable us to know who our customers are. We also noticed that coffee beverage is a push product as Tanzania does not have the culture of drinking coffee, though our target customers are mainly, the corporate offices, banks and other large organizations in the city, as coffee could become seasonal due to the weather in Dar es salaam which is humid through out the year. We also fear new entrants in the coffee market which could deploy our venture, although we have fewer competitors. It is very important to plan the business before executing it to reality, this will make us know how the business is going to survive and grow within the specific time, a business without a plan would certainly fail in a short period of time, hence it also enables us to achieve our targets and business goals. ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO Our start up capital is 20 million Tanzania shillings, where each member has contributed 5 million and another 5 million will be taken from FBME Bank limited as a loan. Our assumptions are that we assume a slow growth without recession taking place in Tanzania, we assume that there will be no unforeseen changes in the public health perceptions about our coffee and beverages that we offer to the consumers, we also assume that our finances are going to be sufficient to maintain our projected financial plan and we also assume that it will continue to grow as production increases. Besides coffee shop we also had different ideas on creating a small scale enterprise, researched the market and the environment surrounding us, whereby a lot of brain storming was done by all the three members of the group and came up with three different scenarios which we could create business plans were coffee shop business plan, event management business plan and garbage collection business plan, whereby our last and final choice was the coffee shop business plan. One of the ideas was to open a garbage collection, we researched and compiled the information which was to target the commercial and residential market, we came to know that the competitors are going to be low but the legal and financial requirements will not be able to cop up with our minimum amount of our startup capital. We came to know that there is a political risk in this business as the ministry of health had to approve the standard of our venture. We had come up with three different ideas amongst the coffee shop and garbage collection; we also had done our research on event management. From our research we learnt that event management planning will need a small start up capital and even the costs would be low, the marketing would be much more easier, planning the financials was depending on the event, being three of us it would be difficult to run an event, where a large labor force is required for this venture in order for this business to run well and the even to be successful, due to the large labor turnover, as since it is a new business we would be able to pay our staff. Event management being a high profit margin industry, as everyone would likes celebrations, and a well organized event the venture is highly profitable. This venture requires professional skills and high degree of energy for the execution of the event, it also requires communication, strong networking to be known in the market, excellent public relation is very important and we all three lack experience in events as we do not expertise art and creation of the venues. This two mentioned scenarios, disapproved us from choosing to open the ventures, therefore we choose coffee shop as a venture, as we all had the passion of selling coffee and making coffee in different methods and styles and from our knowledge and experience we finally concluded by opening the coffee shop in the city centre. USEFULNESS OF A BUSINESS PLAN As time passes the business develops. The business plan is a very useful and strategic tool which enables the company to achieve its target and goals within a given period of time, business plans are believed to be attainable if followed accordingly and by planning to reach the targets. The business plan compromises the plan on how to achieve the goals and targets including the management team, the usefulness of the business plan are that it includes the financial plans indicating the profit margin for each year respectively. It also shows the break even analysis. The business plan includes the marketing plan, this enables on how our coffee shop will be useful to the population surrounding the shop The financial plan section is the most important part of the business plan which shows how the ideas are viable and it is a key component in determining wither the business plan is going to be able to attract any investment in the planning of the coffee shop. The financial plan section compromises of financial statements which are divided into the income statement, the cash flow projection and a balance sheet including a brief explanation and analysis of each statement, therefore, the financial plan guides the growth and development of the coffee shop. When starting a venture, seeking additional capital for the coffee shop and setting new business process incase of the coffee shop fails to run, we need to write a plan detailing on how we will mange the resources and requirements which also includes the marketing decisions, the financial projections, a trend of the production demands and also personal needs. The plan reflects on three main constituencies that is the customer, the investor and the producer. A business plan has to be presentable to convince the venture capitalist, which should consists of a number of related issues that relate to the factors such as the critical success of the coffee shop, the human factor, the opportunity, the context and the possibilities of risk and reward, by analyzing these issues a business plan illustrates how the enterprise will seize the opportunity to enter the market and how its stand out amongst its competitors and how it plans to maintain a continuing growth trend. The investor or the per son who would be interested in captivating the coffee ship should see the level of detail before making any financial decision to the new coffee shop. OTHER AREAS For a business plan to be successful and profitable we clearly need to understand the firms customers and strength and completion in the market, it is the owners and shareholders who have to understand the behaviors of the customers and the strength and weaknesses. We should also have the ability to foresight and plan the future of Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop and its future expansion strategies. When it comes to the expansion of the coffee shop we need to know the financial plan which will enable us to how the coffee shop is growing. In order to operate the coffee shop more effectively we will have to manage the bargaining power of the suppliers and to manage the bills and also customer complains, as we need to take this matter into consideration in a calm manner and not to chase away the consumers. We have to show the consumers that we not only serve the best coffee but also our services are to a high standard of customer expectation.

The Importance Of Security In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

The Importance Of Security In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay The total number of computer systems installed within any organization has been increasing at a phenomenal rate. The relative ease of installing and utilizing computer applications is a compelling reason for connecting computer systems together and distributing or sharing the work. These distributed systems allow you to take better advantage of the vast array of processing power now available. Distributed computing probably means many different things to many different people. To some, it means client or server, it is cooperative processing and to still other, its using a distributed database. Further explanations and definitions may be required to ensure that everyone has a common view and understanding of a distributed computing system. When referencing a distributed computing system, every user should be able to see the same thing. A distributed computing system is composed of system elements which are then distributed across different processing platforms connected by a network. In this paper, have 10.0 Section. Each of the section will describe. Section 2.0 is about Distributed System. Section 3.0 is about Threat of distributed System. Distributed System Security will describe in Section 4.0. The next Section 5.0 is about Distributed System Security Mechanism. Distributed System Security Architecture will describe on Section 6.0.We can know about Distributed System Requirements in Section 7.0. In Section 8.0, we can know Factors Affecting Distributed System Security. Contribution in the security, we can see on Section 9.0 and finally Section 10 concludes this paper. Distributed System Today, computers are not stand alone units. Several computers are being networked together to form large computer systems. Not only are computers being network, but they are being networked into large distributed systems where each individual computer, node if you will, can make use of the applications distributed throughout the system (Dobry Schanken, 1994). Study on the formal specification of authorization has become a major challenge in the current development of secure computing and IT systems (Yun, 2008). Figure 1. Authorization (Access control) in a distributed environment. Consider a distributed environment as shown in Figure 1, in which different users can access various resources through the network (Internet). Therefore, from the definition above, it indicates how an organization can benefit from using the distributed system as shown below: Resource sharing It is possible to use different types of hardware, software or data wherever in the system hence reduce unnecessary costs related with the tools. Also it supports resource sharing model that describes the way resources are provided, the way they are used as well as the way provider and users interact between each other. There are more benefits such as through search engines and computer based working were different information can be shared in inexpensive and easy way. Concurrency Several processes can take place at the same time while components access as well as update any of the shared resources including databases. The important thing is that concurrent updates must be coordinated in order to maintain integrity of the system. Openness It allows detailed interfaces of components to be published and supports the integration of new components with existing once. Scalability The system is capable of accommodating changes in case of increase number in of users and resources it should be able to respond faster. This can be done by adding a number of processors with high speed to the system. Therefore the architecture and implementation must be flexible enough to allow it. Fault tolerance Distributed systems are capable of operating correctly even if there maybe some defects within the system (internal errors) for the purpose of increasing system dependability within an organization o a business. 3.0 Threat of Distributed Systems There are different threats when distributed system is concerned, as any networked computer system can face it. It is important to implement countermeasures for all expected threats for the purpose of the system to remain constant and cost effective. Those threats can be distinguished depending on their interaction as follows below: Denial of service Involves attacks that affect the availability of information from the system to the user resulting to paralysation of the entire operation of an organization or part of activities depending on the attack. The use of resource control mechanism can help in solving the above problem by applying timing responses, sizing responses, and connection control. Also problem detection by timing latency in system can easily be done if there is a dramatic increase of latency then denial of service (DoS) can be detected as well as addressed. Information leakage Is one of the threats of computer system specifically distributed systems where sensitive information can easily be revealed to unauthorized users that results to lack of confidentiality. Unauthorized access This can occur due to the reason that the physical configuration is not strong enough to protect such threats from accessing the system (distributed system). This is known as inter process communication threats. There is a need to for an organization that is willing to implement access control system to keep in mind three things which are models, access control policies as well as mechanisms (Krause Tipton, 1998). Access control policies will enable organizations to be able to specify different ways that will lead to proper management of access to resources as well as information which are the valuable assets of an organization. Distributed System Security The objective of any security system is the ability to keep a secret. This is as true automated systems as much as it is for people. It is as important to keep the information secret when it is stored as well as when it sent over a network. A secure system is the one that can be trusted to keep secret, and important word is trusted. Trusts can be defined as a confident reliance on the integrity, honesty or justice of another. Trust refers to the ability of the application to perform actions with integrity and to perform its functions on a continuing basis. However, individuals, governments and institutions such as banks, hospitals and other commercial enterprise will only consign their secrets to a computer system if they can be absolutely certain of confidentiality (Randell Rushby, 2007). The security architecture incorporates elements to safeguard the confidentiality of information and ensure that all access to the computing resources is authorized and authenticated. Defined security architecture can be used to ensure the design of applications and systems will meet the required security objectives. The architecture will help guide decisions between systems and across platforms and ensure all of the systems meet a standard minimum level of security. Nevertheless, the security still has some problem. For example, the problems of maintaining security are compounded because the sharing of secrets is generally desired but only in a tightly controlled manner. In case, an individual can choose other individuals or groups with whom he wishes to share his private information (Randell Rushby, 2007). This sharing is called discretionary security because it is permitted at the discretion of the individual. The trusted portion of a secure system is normally identified with a small operating system nuclear. The name is a security kernel. It is the rest of the operating system and all applications and user programs belong to the un-trusted element. However, certain difficulties attend the use of such kernelized systems. In the part of the structure of all secure systems constructed or designed recently has been influenced by the concept of a reference monitor (Randell Rushby, 2007). A reference monitor is a small, inaccessible, reliable mechanism that controls the behavior of un-trusted system elements by mediating their references to such external entities as data and other un-trusted elements. Each access is checked against a record of the accesses that the security policy authorizes for that element. Distributed System Security Mechanism Cryptography The security of information transmitted from one node to another is questionable, therefore there is a need of using a proper method of transforming it into unreadable formats (secrets writing) through cryptography. The use of a single key or public key cryptographic algorithm which is suitable for protecting message content by hiding information carried by a packet during the transmission process. This can be accomplished using RSA or AES algorithms. Authentication protocol Provides a series of communication procedures between users of the system and the server for the purpose of securing the communication process. Access control mechanism This can be done using access control lists (ACL) that consists of a list related to an object that states all the subjects that can be allowed to access the object, as well as the rights to the object. ACL normally are implemented directly or as an approximation in recent Operating systems Distributed System Security Architecture The OSI Open system interconnection Reference model is often used to depict largely of distributed system architecture for it has the ability to describe various levels of service essential to support distributed transactions. Autonomous computer systems and their processes intercommunicate through the first four levels of OSI-RM. Middleware is considered as the bridge used to connect distributed applications across different physical locations, with different hardware platforms, network technologies, operating systems, as well as different programming languages In order to design, maintain and utilize the computational services offered by the distributed system, it is suitable to use abstraction of the distributed system physical architecture (Donnelly. 1979). The abstraction views the distributed system as a collection of processes that normally communicates with each other in the process. Processes communicate by passing messages; there if two processes communicate it means the communication is done over communication channels. 7.0 Distributed System Security Requirement There are many requirements of distributed system security that focus on the area of IT security criteria. That is the development of protection profiles. The protection profile is meant to describe requirements that must be met to achieve varying levels of security. These requirements presented component, categorized or relating to assurance. For example, trusted recovery is the components that refer to functions that respond to anticipated failures or discontinuity in operations (Dobry Schanken, 1994). Following a system failures the system must be able to recreate the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) secure states. Failure from which the system must be able to anticipate and securely recover include action that fail to complete because they detect exceptional conditions during their operations. The distributed system must be competent of recognizing failures in which of its components. This is because the overall TCB is a discontinuity in the protection provided by them. Another example is cryptography. The cryptography is a method of securing of information that has the components to establish the guidelines for using cryptography to secure the paths between nodes. Encryption and decryption performance of the system is the factor of the confidentiality and integrity of data communications .So, several different types of encryption may need to be used depending on the users environment. Although, there have several requirement of distributed system security such as trusted recovery, trusted path, security management and etc. They already have new concepts required to secure the connections between the various products that comprise the distributed system need to be included. A distributed system is one of the first implementations for be secure, must not only make use of traditional computer security concepts but have to utilize communication security concepts as well. Factors Affecting Distributed System Security There is a need to analyze and identify the factors as well as issues related to trustworthiness of services provided by distributed systems apart from network topology and node evaluation. These factors includes distributed system physical security environment, interactions between different security mechanisms and distributed system management structure, are very important and relevant compared to network topology and node evaluation levels. Below is more information concerning the factors mentioned above. Physical security There are some differences that occur in a distributed systems physical environment such as those that occurs due to the reason that the elements/components of a distributed system are located in different location which is the result of changes overtime in its environment. Jurisdiction authorities The wide spread heterogeneity in the physical security environment is the result of the process of administering a distributed system by multiple jurisdiction authorities due to the types of mechanisms supported. Interaction between security mechanisms In distributed system nodes are from different manufacturers, families of a single manufacturer, different versions which results into different security mechanism. In case stand-alone system or distributed systems that may be using different discretionary access control mechanisms are interconnected for the purpose of forming a single distributed system then it brings danger (Anderson. 1985). The interactions between different policies implanted in trusted subjects running in different nodes bring dangers to the system. Contribution The analysis presented in this paper was mention distributed system security that is a computer security architecture that provides a suite of functions including login, authentication, and access control in a distributed system to differ from other similar architectures. The distributed system security includes many applications that can help the system to protect to failure network. Therefore, this paper is suitable for individuals, governments and institutions such as banks, hospitals and other commercial enterprise that they would like to know the information of distributed system security. 10.0 Conclusion Distributed system security is fundamentally more complex than stand-alone system security. Current computer security concepts assume that trusts is assigned to a distributed system element on the basis of viewpoint. This security mechanism for distributed file systems solves many of the performance and security problems in existing systems today.

my sister :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Life of Susan snow† susan snow was born on January 28, 1975. Her birth brought double the joy to her family who just minutes before had rejoiced upon the birth of her identical twin sister, rachelle. She was a small premature baby born nearly five weeks early and remained in NYU Medical Center for a week under careful scrutiny. Her father and four older siblings eagerly anticipated her arrival at home. The family resided in brooklyn, where they still make their home, and susan joined them there. She was named susan bella after her paternal great aunt and great great grandmother. susan had soft brown hair and big blue eyes that sparkled with personality, despite her young age. After five long months of incessant crying, she finally became an enjoyable and fun loving baby. susan attended a local school for her preschool and elementary school years. Throughout her school years, susan excelled in all subjects, although her talkative nature often got her into trouble. She was so popular with her classmates, that at one point when the classes were switched, her friends left no stone unturned to get her back into their class. She enjoyed switching classes with rachelle and performing other mischievous tricks to fool the teachers that only twins can pull off. Her supreme intelligence was one of the reasons she was chosen as English Editor of her eighth grade yearbook and editor of the grade newspaper. Shani spent her summers in the catskills where she was adored by campers and counselors alike because of her sunny disposition. At age thirteen, she began attending camp snob and spent four thrilling summer’s there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  susan decided to attend H B High School in brooklyn and is currently enjoying her third year there. She is known as a conscientious student who loves to have a great time. There she likes being in the same class as rachelle, for the first time since kindergarten. One may think that these circumstances would provoke competition between them, but susan is not affected by competition at all. On her days off she likes sleeping late, shopping, and spending time with friends. She also takes great pleasure in curling up in bed with a good book. susan is involved in various projects throughout the community and loves helping her family and friends in their times of need. She sleeps at her grandmother’s house during the week so as not to leave her grandmother alone.

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Have you ever thought about what career you would land in? The career of a veterinarian has pulled me in. A definition of a veterinarian’s job is some one who â€Å"diagnoses and controls animal diseases, treats sick and injured animals medically and surgically, prevents transmission of animal disease, and advises owners on proper care of pets and livestock†. Veterinarians have to have an unconditional love for animals,wildlife, and science and have a drive to improve the health and well-fare of society as a whole. I posses the quality of a love for animals having experience with many pets at home. In addition vets have to be well rounded as a person. They have to be smart, and have people skills which I do. My stronger subjects are science and math where being a vet, going into medicine has a lot to do with science particularly biology which I did very well in and have a great interest for. This career is special to me because I would be able to improve society, by he lping other people’s animals, as well as possibly finding new cures too, which is why I can definitely see myself being a...